IB Mathematics · Internal Assessment

Develop a mathematical exploration step by step.

From the first idea to the final reflection, the question, mathematics, communication and assessment are organised into clear stages.

Check the curriculum versionThe Mathematics IA remains a mathematical exploration. Revised criteria apply from first assessment in May 2029. Always use the documents for your own assessment session.

What the Mathematics IA should demonstrate

The IA is not simply a collection of calculations. It should show how an individual, investigable question develops into a coherent mathematical exploration.

This involves justified decisions, correctly applied methods, clearly explained working and meaningful interpretation of the results. It is equally important to consider assumptions, limitations and possible improvements.

From an interest to an investigable question

A topic initially identifies only an area. Quality emerges through focus: Which quantities will be considered? Which relationship will be explored? Which data or mathematical objects are available?

  • The question is manageable within the available time.
  • The mathematics fits the course and level.
  • The outcome can be interpreted rather than merely calculated.
  • Independent decisions are visible in the method.

Select and explain the mathematics

More methods do not automatically produce a stronger IA. A justified selection that genuinely fits the question is better. Variables, assumptions, formulas, units and technological tools should be explained so that the reasoning remains transparent.

Software may perform calculations. The paper must still show why the method was chosen and what the result means mathematically.

Communication as part of the reasoning

Graphs, tables and calculations belong close to the discussion that uses them. Every visual should have a purpose: to support, compare, explain or lead to a conclusion.

  • define variables and symbols consistently
  • label axes, units and tables clearly
  • explain intermediate results instead of merely listing them
  • use raw data and long software output selectively

Reflect throughout the exploration

Reflection is not only a final paragraph. It appears whenever a result is interpreted, an assumption is questioned, a method is adjusted or a limitation is explained.

A strong conclusion answers the original question directly and distinguishes between the mathematical result, its interpretation and any remaining uncertainty.

Planning

A possible working process.

This sequence is practical guidance rather than a fixed table of contents.

Starting idea

Collect interests, contexts and possible mathematics.

Feasibility

Check data, methods, scope and personal understanding.

Exploration

Calculate, visualise, compare and document decisions.

Revision

Review reasoning, communication, reflection and sources.

A smaller, clear investigation is often stronger than an oversized topic.

The quality of the mathematical investigation matters more than the size of the context.

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