IB Mathematics · Complete topic list

1037 topic ideas – page 39 of 42.

Topics 951 to 975 with explanations, methods, course and equipment guidance.

Mathematics and applications

Compare 1037 ideas clearly.

The list mixes calculus, statistics, modelling, geometry, number theory, computer science, sport, environmental topics and other areas. Each entry includes a short explanation and visible methods such as differential calculus, integral calculus, statistics or regression.

Planning guidance, not official topic approvalThe IA, EE, AA, Math AI, SL and HL classifications are editorial guidance. The current subject guide, assessment session, mathematical depth, focus and school approval remain decisive.
1

Select an idea. Titles and areas are starting points, not finished research questions.

2

Check A and C. These codes give an initial indication of assessment type, course and level.

3

Read P, M and S. They show possible independent direction, tools, and safety or data-protection needs.

Work
Course
Level

Topics 951–975 of 1037

Mixed topic list for the Mathematics IA and Mathematics Extended Essay
No. Topic idea A C P M S
951 Thermal expansionExpansion during heating and contraction during cooling: investigating hysteresis

Investigate how “Expansion during heating and contraction during cooling: investigating hysteresis” changes over time or in response to a varied quantity and which model best describes the pattern. Differential calculus can determine rates of change and integral calculus can capture cumulative effects; statistics and probability help assess measurement error, variation, and model fit.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1711 1351320 1
952 Thermal expansionCurvature of a bimetallic strip as a function of temperature

Investigate how “Curvature of a bimetallic strip as a function of temperature” changes over time or in response to a varied quantity and which model best describes the pattern. Differential calculus can determine rates of change and integral calculus can capture cumulative effects; statistics and probability help assess measurement error, variation, and model fit.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1711 1351320 1
953 Thermal expansionModel of a bridge expansion joint for seasonal temperature changes

Investigate how “Model of a bridge expansion joint for seasonal temperature changes” changes over time or in response to a varied quantity and which model best describes the pattern. Differential calculus can determine rates of change and integral calculus can capture cumulative effects; statistics and probability help assess measurement error, variation, and model fit.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1711 1351320 1
954 Mathematical constants & experimentsBuffon's needle experiment: effect of needle length and line spacing on the approximation of π

The focus is on describing “Buffon's needle experiment: effect of needle length and line spacing on the approximation of π” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171012 16713 0
955 Mathematical constants & experimentsMonte Carlo approximation of π using random points in a square

The focus is on describing “Monte Carlo approximation of π using random points in a square” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171012 16713 0
956 Mathematical constants & experimentsCircumference and diameter of real objects: experimental verification of π with error analysis

The focus is on describing “Circumference and diameter of real objects: experimental verification of π with error analysis” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171012 16713 0
957 Mathematical constants & experimentsDetermining π from pendulum periods with known pendulum length and gravitational acceleration

The focus is on describing “Determining π from pendulum periods with known pendulum length and gravitational acceleration” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171012 16713 0
958 Mathematical constants & experimentsWheel rotations and distance travelled as an experimental approximation of π

The focus is on describing “Wheel rotations and distance travelled as an experimental approximation of π” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171012 16713 0
959 Mathematical constants & experimentsCompound interest with ever shorter compounding intervals as an approximation to e

The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Compound interest with ever shorter compounding intervals as an approximation to e”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171011 35613 1
960 Mathematical constants & experimentsNumerical investigation of the sequence (1 + 1/n)^n as evidence for e

The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Numerical investigation of the sequence (1 + 1/n)^n as evidence for e”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171011 35613 1
961 Mathematical constants & experimentsEstimating e by fitting exponential growth and cooling models

The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Estimating e by fitting exponential growth and cooling models”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171011 35613 1
962 Mathematical constants & experimentsProducts of uniformly distributed random numbers and the expected number of factors before falling below a threshold

The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Products of uniformly distributed random numbers and the expected number of factors before falling below a threshold”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171011 35613 1
963 Mathematical constants & experimentsCapacitor discharge and the time constant as an experimental route to e

The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Capacitor discharge and the time constant as an experimental route to e”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 171011 35613 1
964 Mathematical constants & experimentsLeaf arrangements in a plant and their closeness to the golden angle

The focus is on describing “Leaf arrangements in a plant and their closeness to the golden angle” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 12810 1713 0
965 Mathematical constants & experimentsProportions of everyday products compared with the golden ratio

The focus is on describing “Proportions of everyday products compared with the golden ratio” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 12810 1713 0
966 Mathematical constants & experimentsImage composition and the golden ratio in self-taken photographs

The focus is on describing “Image composition and the golden ratio in self-taken photographs” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 12810 1713 0
967 Mathematical constants & experimentsProportions of the hand and finger segments compared with the golden ratio

The focus is on describing “Proportions of the hand and finger segments compared with the golden ratio” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 12810 1713 0
968 Mathematical constants & experimentsConvergence of successive Fibonacci ratios to the golden ratio

The focus is on describing “Convergence of successive Fibonacci ratios to the golden ratio” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 12810 1713 0
969 Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionReaction time to different colours using a Raspberry Pi and touchscreen

Investigate how “Reaction time to different colours using a Raspberry Pi and touchscreen” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1471112 131419 3
970 Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionAuditory or visual stimuli: comparing reaction time with a Raspberry Pi

Investigate how “Auditory or visual stimuli: comparing reaction time with a Raspberry Pi” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1471112 131419 3
971 Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionLearning curve in repeated touchscreen tasks

Investigate how “Learning curve in repeated touchscreen tasks” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1471112 131419 3
972 Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionDisplay time and number of recalled characters in a digital short-term memory test

Investigate how “Display time and number of recalled characters in a digital short-term memory test” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1471112 131419 3
973 Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionFitts's law: target size, distance, and tapping time on a touchscreen

Investigate how “Fitts's law: target size, distance, and tapping time on a touchscreen” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1471112 131419 3
974 Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionVirtual keyboard size and the relationship between typing speed and error rate

Investigate how “Virtual keyboard size and the relationship between typing speed and error rate” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1471112 131419 3
975 Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionAdaptive quiz: response time, difficulty, and accuracy on a Raspberry Pi

Investigate how “Adaptive quiz: response time, difficulty, and accuracy on a Raspberry Pi” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects.

Differential calculusIntegral calculusStatisticsProbability
3 9 1471112 131419 3
Code legend

What A, C, P, M and S mean.

The table stays narrow on a phone by replacing long descriptions with numeric codes. Entries may contain several P and M codes.

AAssessment type
1
Internal Assessment (IA)
2
Mathematics Extended Essay (EE)
3
Potentially suitable for an IA or EE, depending on focus and mathematical depth
CCourse and level
1
Mathematics AA SL
2
Mathematics AA HL
3
Mathematics AA at SL or HL
4
Mathematics AI SL
5
Mathematics AI HL
6
Mathematics AI at SL or HL
7
Mathematics AA or AI at SL
8
Mathematics AA or AI at HL
9
Mathematics AA or AI at SL or HL
PWays to demonstrate independent direction and personal engagement
1
Own data, measurements, observations or experiment
2
Own photographs, drawings, constructions or models
3
Own sport, video, GPS or tracker context
4
Own school or class survey or observation
5
Own everyday, household, consumer or financial data
6
Local context: environment, buildings, traffic, climate or nature
7
Own programming, simulation or algorithm
8
Personal interest: music, art, games, design or another hobby
9
Public data selected, prepared and analysed independently
10
Own conjecture, proof idea, generalisation or theoretical comparison
11
Own modelling decision, construction, optimisation or adaptation
12
Critical comparison of assumptions, errors, limitations or ethical issues
MMeasuring instruments, tools or data access
0
No specialist physical instrument; a calculator, CAS, spreadsheet or open data may be sufficient
1
Ruler, tape measure, calliper or protractor
2
Balance or precision scale
3
Contact thermometer or temperature data logger
4
Infrared thermometer or thermal camera
5
Multimeter or another electrical measuring instrument
6
Stopwatch or timer
7
Camera or smartphone for photographic and video analysis
8
GPS device or fitness tracker
9
Microphone, sound-level meter or audio-analysis software
10
Light meter, light sensor or solar sensor
11
Conductivity, pH or salinity meter
12
Weather instruments, such as an anemometer or rain gauge
13
Computer, spreadsheet, CAS, GeoGebra, Desmos or Python
14
Survey form, data sheet or observation record
15
Force sensor or spring balance
16
Laboratory glassware, measuring cylinder or pipette
17
Telescope, binoculars or a suitable camera
18
Humidity or material-moisture sensor
19
Non-invasive physiology sensor, such as heart-rate or reaction-time measurement
20
Physical model, 3D printer or material samples
21
Specialist school laboratory equipment
SSafety and data protection
0
Likely to be low risk within normal school practice
1
Supervision recommended, for example for heat, electricity, sport or traffic observation
2
Carry out only in a school laboratory or with qualified supervision
3
Sensitive personal or health data: consent, anonymisation and preferably secondary data; no medical self-intervention
From heading to investigation

A topic becomes workable only through independent decisions.

The table is designed to speed up the first step. The actual research question emerges through focus, mathematical choice and critical checking.

Focus the object

Define the object, dataset, time period, variable or mathematical structure as precisely as possible.

Select the mathematics

Decide which models, proofs, statistical procedures or optimisation steps can genuinely answer the question.

Plan independent direction

Use your own data, comparisons, modelling choices, extensions or proof ideas rather than reproducing a standard procedure.

Reflect on limitations

Examine assumptions, sources of error, data quality, model limitations, safety and possible improvements.

Personal engagement and independent direction

A personal connection is more than one sentence in the introduction.

The P codes indicate possible ways to shape an investigation independently. Independent thinking becomes visible through justified decisions, appropriate data selection, personal model variants, meaningful comparisons and critical reflection. A code does not guarantee a particular mark.

Review the IA requirements
Frequently asked questions

Use the topic list correctly.

Are the titles finished research questions?

No. They name a possible direction. A question for assessed work must be focused more narrowly, matched to the course and level, and connected to a clear mathematical method.

What does A = 3 mean?

The broad direction could be developed as an IA or Mathematics EE, depending on focus and depth. An EE will normally require a substantially deeper mathematical argument and an appropriate research scope.

Is C an official IB classification?

No. C is editorial guidance for Mathematics AA or Math AI and SL or HL. Final suitability depends on the specific research question and the current requirements.

Do I need to own the listed instruments?

No. M indicates typical or possible tools. Many topics can use open data, a spreadsheet, CAS, GeoGebra, Desmos or Python. Adapt the topic to resources that are genuinely available.

How should topics involving health or personal data be handled?

Prefer anonymised or publicly available secondary data. Original data collection needs consent, data protection, school approval and a low-risk method. Diagnosis, medication changes and invasive self-experimentation do not belong in a Mathematics project.

The complete list is also machine-readable.

The same 1037 entries are available as plain text and bilingual JSON for search, accessibility and AI systems.

Authoritative foundations

Check the current curriculum version before starting.

The catalogue complements the PreLearning explanations. Current official IB documents and the school's instructions remain authoritative.

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