Focus the object
Define the object, dataset, time period, variable or mathematical structure as precisely as possible.
Topics 951 to 975 with explanations, methods, course and equipment guidance.
The list mixes calculus, statistics, modelling, geometry, number theory, computer science, sport, environmental topics and other areas. Each entry includes a short explanation and visible methods such as differential calculus, integral calculus, statistics or regression.
Select an idea. Titles and areas are starting points, not finished research questions.
Check A and C. These codes give an initial indication of assessment type, course and level.
Read P, M and S. They show possible independent direction, tools, and safety or data-protection needs.
| No. | Topic idea | A | C | P | M | S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 951 | Thermal expansionExpansion during heating and contraction during cooling: investigating hysteresis Investigate how “Expansion during heating and contraction during cooling: investigating hysteresis” changes over time or in response to a varied quantity and which model best describes the pattern. Differential calculus can determine rates of change and integral calculus can capture cumulative effects; statistics and probability help assess measurement error, variation, and model fit. |
3 | 9 | 1711 | 1351320 | 1 |
| 952 | Thermal expansionCurvature of a bimetallic strip as a function of temperature Investigate how “Curvature of a bimetallic strip as a function of temperature” changes over time or in response to a varied quantity and which model best describes the pattern. Differential calculus can determine rates of change and integral calculus can capture cumulative effects; statistics and probability help assess measurement error, variation, and model fit. |
3 | 9 | 1711 | 1351320 | 1 |
| 953 | Thermal expansionModel of a bridge expansion joint for seasonal temperature changes Investigate how “Model of a bridge expansion joint for seasonal temperature changes” changes over time or in response to a varied quantity and which model best describes the pattern. Differential calculus can determine rates of change and integral calculus can capture cumulative effects; statistics and probability help assess measurement error, variation, and model fit. |
3 | 9 | 1711 | 1351320 | 1 |
| 954 | Mathematical constants & experimentsBuffon's needle experiment: effect of needle length and line spacing on the approximation of π The focus is on describing “Buffon's needle experiment: effect of needle length and line spacing on the approximation of π” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 171012 | 16713 | 0 |
| 955 | Mathematical constants & experimentsMonte Carlo approximation of π using random points in a square The focus is on describing “Monte Carlo approximation of π using random points in a square” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 171012 | 16713 | 0 |
| 956 | Mathematical constants & experimentsCircumference and diameter of real objects: experimental verification of π with error analysis The focus is on describing “Circumference and diameter of real objects: experimental verification of π with error analysis” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 171012 | 16713 | 0 |
| 957 | Mathematical constants & experimentsDetermining π from pendulum periods with known pendulum length and gravitational acceleration The focus is on describing “Determining π from pendulum periods with known pendulum length and gravitational acceleration” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 171012 | 16713 | 0 |
| 958 | Mathematical constants & experimentsWheel rotations and distance travelled as an experimental approximation of π The focus is on describing “Wheel rotations and distance travelled as an experimental approximation of π” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 171012 | 16713 | 0 |
| 959 | Mathematical constants & experimentsCompound interest with ever shorter compounding intervals as an approximation to e The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Compound interest with ever shorter compounding intervals as an approximation to e”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated. |
3 | 9 | 171011 | 35613 | 1 |
| 960 | Mathematical constants & experimentsNumerical investigation of the sequence (1 + 1/n)^n as evidence for e The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Numerical investigation of the sequence (1 + 1/n)^n as evidence for e”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated. |
3 | 9 | 171011 | 35613 | 1 |
| 961 | Mathematical constants & experimentsEstimating e by fitting exponential growth and cooling models The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Estimating e by fitting exponential growth and cooling models”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated. |
3 | 9 | 171011 | 35613 | 1 |
| 962 | Mathematical constants & experimentsProducts of uniformly distributed random numbers and the expected number of factors before falling below a threshold The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Products of uniformly distributed random numbers and the expected number of factors before falling below a threshold”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated. |
3 | 9 | 171011 | 35613 | 1 |
| 963 | Mathematical constants & experimentsCapacitor discharge and the time constant as an experimental route to e The investigation centres on the mathematical structures and reasoning behind “Capacitor discharge and the time constant as an experimental route to e”, demonstrated through original examples, derivations, or simulations. Depending on the focus, differential or integral calculus can reveal the analytical structure; statistics and probability are useful when simulations or data sets are also evaluated. |
3 | 9 | 171011 | 35613 | 1 |
| 964 | Mathematical constants & experimentsLeaf arrangements in a plant and their closeness to the golden angle The focus is on describing “Leaf arrangements in a plant and their closeness to the golden angle” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 12810 | 1713 | 0 |
| 965 | Mathematical constants & experimentsProportions of everyday products compared with the golden ratio The focus is on describing “Proportions of everyday products compared with the golden ratio” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 12810 | 1713 | 0 |
| 966 | Mathematical constants & experimentsImage composition and the golden ratio in self-taken photographs The focus is on describing “Image composition and the golden ratio in self-taken photographs” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 12810 | 1713 | 0 |
| 967 | Mathematical constants & experimentsProportions of the hand and finger segments compared with the golden ratio The focus is on describing “Proportions of the hand and finger segments compared with the golden ratio” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 12810 | 1713 | 0 |
| 968 | Mathematical constants & experimentsConvergence of successive Fibonacci ratios to the golden ratio The focus is on describing “Convergence of successive Fibonacci ratios to the golden ratio” through geometric quantities, proportions, and a testable model. Geometry and trigonometry form the core; differential and integral calculus can investigate curvature, areas, or volumes, while statistics and probability evaluate measurement variation. |
3 | 9 | 12810 | 1713 | 0 |
| 969 | Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionReaction time to different colours using a Raspberry Pi and touchscreen Investigate how “Reaction time to different colours using a Raspberry Pi and touchscreen” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects. |
3 | 9 | 1471112 | 131419 | 3 |
| 970 | Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionAuditory or visual stimuli: comparing reaction time with a Raspberry Pi Investigate how “Auditory or visual stimuli: comparing reaction time with a Raspberry Pi” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects. |
3 | 9 | 1471112 | 131419 | 3 |
| 971 | Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionLearning curve in repeated touchscreen tasks Investigate how “Learning curve in repeated touchscreen tasks” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects. |
3 | 9 | 1471112 | 131419 | 3 |
| 972 | Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionDisplay time and number of recalled characters in a digital short-term memory test Investigate how “Display time and number of recalled characters in a digital short-term memory test” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects. |
3 | 9 | 1471112 | 131419 | 3 |
| 973 | Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionFitts's law: target size, distance, and tapping time on a touchscreen Investigate how “Fitts's law: target size, distance, and tapping time on a touchscreen” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects. |
3 | 9 | 1471112 | 131419 | 3 |
| 974 | Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionVirtual keyboard size and the relationship between typing speed and error rate Investigate how “Virtual keyboard size and the relationship between typing speed and error rate” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects. |
3 | 9 | 1471112 | 131419 | 3 |
| 975 | Raspberry Pi & human–computer interactionAdaptive quiz: response time, difficulty, and accuracy on a Raspberry Pi Investigate how “Adaptive quiz: response time, difficulty, and accuracy on a Raspberry Pi” can be described and compared quantitatively using self-collected measurements or suitable open data. Statistics and probability help test relationships, variation, and uncertainty; differential and integral calculus can extend trend models with rates of change or cumulative effects. |
3 | 9 | 1471112 | 131419 | 3 |
No topic ideas match this combination.
The table stays narrow on a phone by replacing long descriptions with numeric codes. Entries may contain several P and M codes.
The table is designed to speed up the first step. The actual research question emerges through focus, mathematical choice and critical checking.
Define the object, dataset, time period, variable or mathematical structure as precisely as possible.
Decide which models, proofs, statistical procedures or optimisation steps can genuinely answer the question.
Use your own data, comparisons, modelling choices, extensions or proof ideas rather than reproducing a standard procedure.
Examine assumptions, sources of error, data quality, model limitations, safety and possible improvements.
The P codes indicate possible ways to shape an investigation independently. Independent thinking becomes visible through justified decisions, appropriate data selection, personal model variants, meaningful comparisons and critical reflection. A code does not guarantee a particular mark.
Review the IA requirementsNo. They name a possible direction. A question for assessed work must be focused more narrowly, matched to the course and level, and connected to a clear mathematical method.
The broad direction could be developed as an IA or Mathematics EE, depending on focus and depth. An EE will normally require a substantially deeper mathematical argument and an appropriate research scope.
No. C is editorial guidance for Mathematics AA or Math AI and SL or HL. Final suitability depends on the specific research question and the current requirements.
No. M indicates typical or possible tools. Many topics can use open data, a spreadsheet, CAS, GeoGebra, Desmos or Python. Adapt the topic to resources that are genuinely available.
Prefer anonymised or publicly available secondary data. Original data collection needs consent, data protection, school approval and a low-risk method. Diagnosis, medication changes and invasive self-experimentation do not belong in a Mathematics project.
The same 1037 entries are available as plain text and bilingual JSON for search, accessibility and AI systems.
The catalogue complements the PreLearning explanations. Current official IB documents and the school's instructions remain authoritative.